Intercultural Communication Competence and Acculturation Dialectics: A Study on International Students in a Private University in Malaysia
Asian Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies,
,
Page 1-15
Abstract
The demand for higher education institutions to internationalize their practices is an indication of rapid globalization and transformation processes, contributing to change the of existing education system landscape. To be competitive globally, many universities open their doors to international students to fashion diversity to university’s settings, which in turns enriches and enhances university’s experiences for students. However, cross-cultural adjustment for international students can be challenging. Numerous researches have established that it is more susceptible for the international students to create their own circle and be detached from the local community; consequently, leads to social and cultural disassociation from host countries. Various studies reported that intercultural communication competence (ICC) is one of the exogenous factors for adaptation to exist. Thus, this study is aimed to probe the perceptions of international students towards the perceived nuances of communication competence, acculturation attitude and language acculturation. These established dimensions were measured by adapting Berry’s Acculturation Framework (1997). The results revealed that the acculturation strategies employed by the students in acquainting to the host culture have amplified their intercultural communication competence; hence, making them to be more culturally sensitive. Nonetheless, only 25% (N=3) of the participants were categorised as highly competent/ competent, suggesting that there are other contributing factors to language acculturation, as the notion of ICC is a profoundly incongruent and complex concept. The domain of inquiry could potentially contribute to the modelling of social programmes for educational institutions in Malaysia to increase the value of cross-cultural mobility’s significance for international students’ successful integration in the new environment.
Keywords:
- Perception
- intercultural communication competence
- language acculturation
- attitude
- international students.
How to Cite
Mahmud, M. M., & Foong, W. S. (2020). Intercultural Communication Competence and Acculturation Dialectics: A Study on International Students in a Private University in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, 2(4), 1-15. Retrieved from https://journalajl2c.com/index.php/AJL2C/article/view/30111
References
Ahmad SZ, FR Buchanan. Motivation factors in students decision to study at international branch campuses in Malaysia. Studies in Higher Education. 2017;42(4):651-668.
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. The National Higher Education Action Plan, Phase 2, 2011–2015; 2007.
Bernama. 12,850 Applications Received From International Students To Study In Malaysia; 2014.
Available:http://education.bernama.com/index.php?sid=news_content&id=1036542
Gebhard JG. International students’ adjustment problems and behaviors. Journal of International Students. 2012; 2(2):158-164.
Yeh CJ, Inose M. International students' reported english fluency, social support satisfaction, and social connectedness as predictors of acculturative stress. Counselling Psychology Quarterly. 2003; 16(1):15-28.
Berry JW, Sabatier C. Acculturation, discrimination, and adaptation among second generation immigrant youth in Montreal and Paris. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2010;34(3):191-207.
Vedder P. Language, ethnic identity, and the adaptation of immigrant youth in the Netherlands. Journal of Adolescent Research. 2005;20(3):396-416.
Kwon EE. Psychometrically valid relationships between acculturation and neuropsychological factors. Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects. 2013;129.
Available:http://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/129
Mahmud MM. Communication aptitude and academic success. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014;134:125-133.
Khan T, Pitts M, Williams MA. Cross-cultural differences in automotive HMI design: A comparative study between UK and Indian users' design preferences. Journal of Usability Studies. 2016;11(2):45-65.
Mahmud MM, Ching WS. Attitudes towards accented speech among radio deejays in Malaysia. Academic Research International. 2012;2(3):520.
Clément R, Noels KA, Deneault B. Interethnic contact, identity, and psychological adjustment: The mediating and moderating roles of communication. Journal of Social Issues. 2001;57(3): 559-577.
Coleman HL. Strategies for coping with cultural diversity. The Counselling Psychologist. 1995;23(4):722-740.
Gudykunst WB, Matsumoto Y, Ting-Toomey S, Nishida T, Kim K, Heyman S. The influence of cultural individualism– collectivism, self-construals and individual values on communication styles across cultures. Human Communication Research. 1996;22:510–543.
Noels KA, Clément R. Communicating across cultures: Social determinants and acculturative consequences. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du Comportement. 1996;28(3):214.
Singelis TM, Brown WJ. Culture, self and collectivist communication linking culture to individual behavior. Human Communication Research. 1995;21(3): 354-389.
Mahmud MM, Wong SF. Understanding the repercussions of intercultural communicative competence: A study on the degree of students’ cultural awareness, social and communication skills. Journal of Human Sciences. 2016;13(3):5561-5573.
Ng SH. From language acculturation to communication acculturation: Addressee orientations and communication brokering in conversations. Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 2007;26(1):75-90.
Berry JW. Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology. 1997; 46(1):5-34.
Malaklolunthu S, Selan PS. Adjustment problems among international students in Malaysian private higher education institutions. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011;15:833-837.
Alavi M, SMS Mansor. Categories of problems among international students in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011;30: 1581-1587.
Popov V, Brinkman D, Biemans HJ, Mulder M, Kuznetsov A, Noroozi O. Multicultural student group work in higher education: An explorative case study on challenges as perceived by students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2012; 36(2):302-317.
Escudeiro N. Enhancing students team work and communication skills in international settings. Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training (ITHET). 2011;44(3):250-262.
Valthaty R, Kuo YH, Schwartzberg P. CAST (Cultural Awareness Through Student Theater): A workshop to improve resident communication skills with patients from diverse backgrounds. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2019;134:58S.
Sawir E. Language difficulties of international students in Australia: The effects of prior learning experience. International Education Journal. 2005; 6(5):567-580.
Sawir E, Marginson S, Deumert A, Nyland C, Ramia G. Loneliness and international students: An Australian study. Journal of Studies in International Education. 2008; 12(2):148-180.
Wadsworth BC, Hecht ML, Jung E. The role of identity gaps, discrimination, and acculturation in international students’ educational satisfaction in American classrooms. Communication Education. 2008;57(1):64-87.
Zhou G, Zhang Z. A study of the first-year international students at a Canadian University: Challenges and experiences with social integration. Comparative and International Education/ Éducation comparée et international. 2014;43(2):7.
Zhang J, Goodson P. Predictors of international students’ psychosocial adjustment to life in the United States: A systematic review. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2011;35(2):139-162.
Glass CR, Westmont CM. Comparative effects of belongingness on the academic success and cross-cultural interactions of domestic and international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2014;38:106-119.
Green ZA. Emotionalized learning experiences: Inspiring students in Pakistan to reinvent themselves to nurture social competence. Journal of College Student Development. 2019;60(3):337-360.
Yashima T. Willingness to communicate in a second language: The Japanese EFL context. The Modern Language Journal. 2002;86(1):54-66.
Hartnett N, Römcke J, Yap C. Student performance in tertiary‐level accounting: An international student focus. Accounting & Finance. 2004;44(2):163-185.
Fenton-Smith B. Facilitating self-directed learning amongst international students of health sciences: The dual discourse of self-efficacy. Journal of Academic Language and Learning. 2012;6(1):A64-A76.
Spencer-Oatey H, Işık-Güler H, Stadler S. Intercultural communication. Routledge: Abingdon, England; 2012.
Schilling‐Estes N. Investigating stylistic variation. The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. 2002;375-401.
Berry JW, Annis RC. Acculturative stress: The role of ecology, culture and differentiation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 1974;5(4):382-406.
Wan R, Md Nordin S, Razali R. International students’ cultural experiences: Exploring socio-cultural and academic adjustment in Malaysian universities. Recent Advances in Modern Educational Technologies. 2013;31-37.
Adler NJ. A typology of management studies involving culture. Journal of International Business Studies. 1983;14(2): 29-47.
Dinges N. Intercultural competence. Handbook of Intercultural Training: Issues in Theory and Design. 1983;1:176-202.
Bochner S, Wicks P. Overseas students in Australia. UNSW Press: Sydney, Australia; 1972.
Gudykunst WB, Hammer MR, Wiseman RL. An analysis of an integrated approach to cross-cultural training. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 1977; 1(2):99-110.
Ting-Toomey S, Dorjee T. Intercultural and intergroup communication competence: Toward an integrative perspective. Communication Competence. 2015;20: 503-538.
Choo CW. Information culture and organizational effectiveness. International Journal of Information Management. 2013; 33(5):775-779.
Kim YY. Communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Multilingual Matters: Clevedon, England; 1988.
Noels KA, Pon G, Cle´ment R. Language, identity, and adjustment: The role of linguistic self confidence in the acculturation process. Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 1996; 15(3):246–264.
Croucher SM, Kramer E. Cultural fusion theory: An alternative to acculturation. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication. 2017;10(2): 97-114.
Soong H. Why volunteer? The complexities of international pre-service teachers’ intercultural adjustment experiences through community service engagement. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education. 2013;41(1):69-83.
Hendrickson B, Rosen D, Aune RK. An analysis of friendship networks, social connectedness, homesickness, and satisfaction levels of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2011;35(3):281-295.
Gist-Mackey AN, Wiley ML, Erba J. You’re doing great. Keep doing what you’re doing: Socially supportive communication during first- generation college students’ socialization. Communication Education. 2018;67(1):52-72.
MacIntyre PD, Dörnyei Z, Clément R, Noels KA. Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. The Modern Language Journal. 1998;82(4): 545-562.
Parrish P, Linder-VanBerschot J. Cultural dimensions of learning: Addressing the challenges of multicultural instruction. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning. 2010;11(2):1-19.
Minkov M. Self-enhancement and self-stability predict school achievement at the national level. Cross-Cultural Research. 2008;42(2):172-196.
Byram M. Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Multilingual Matters: Clevedon, England; 1997.
Han L, Berry JW, Zheng Y. The relationship of acculturation strategies to resilience: The moderating impact of social support among Qiang ethnicity following the 2008 Chinese earthquake. PloS one. 2016;11(10):e0164484.
Phinney JS, Horenczyk G, Liebkind K. Ethnic identity, immigration, and well-being: An interactional perspective. Journal of Social Issues. 2001;57(3):493–510.
Alfred G, Byram M. Becoming an intercultural mediator: A longitudinal study of residence abroad. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 2002;23(5): 339-352.
Berry A. Culture care of the Mexican American family. Transcultural Nursing (3rd Ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 2002; 363-373.
Leong P. Coming to America: Assessing the patterns of acculturation, friendship formation, and the academic experiences of international students at a US college. Journal of International Students. 2015; 5(4):459-474.
Liao S. Variation in the use of discourse markers by Chinese teaching assistants in the US. Journal of Pragmatics. 2009;41(7): 1313-1328.
Tan SI. Lexical borrowing in Malaysian English: Influences of Malay. Lexis. Journal in English Lexicology. 2009;3:11-62.
Martin JN, TK Nakayama. Intercultural communication and dialectics revisited. The Handbook of Critical Intercultural Communication. 2010;59-83.
Williams TR. Exploring the impact of study abroad on students’ intercultural communication skills: Adaptability and sensitivity. Journal of Studies in International Education. 2005;9(4):356-371.
Liu J, Fang FG. Perceptions, awareness and perceived effects of home culture on intercultural communication: Perspectives of university students in China. System. 2017;67:25-37.
Barker GG. Choosing the best of both worlds: The acculturation process revisited. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2015;45:56-69.
Shafaei A, Razak NA. Internationalisation of higher education: Conceptualising the antecedents and outcomes of cross-cultural adaptation. Policy Futures in Education. 2016;14(6):701-720.
Doucerain MM. L2 experience mediates the relation between mainstream acculturation orientation and self-assessed L2 competence among migrants. Applied Linguistics. 2019;40(2): 355-378.
Volet SE, Ang G. Culturally mixed groups on international campuses: An opportunity for inter-cultural learning. Higher Education Research & Development. 2012;31(1):21-37.
Berry JW, Phinney JS, Sam DL, Vedder PE. Immigrant youth in cultural transition: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation across national contexts. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers: Mahwah, NJ, USA; 2006.
Swami V. Predictors of sociocultural adjustment among sojourning Malaysian students in Britain. International Journal of Psychology. 2009;44(4):266-273.
Kristen C. Language assimilation and the education of immigrant students. In Research Handbook on the Sociology of Education. Edward Elgar Publishing; 2019.
Zhang Z, Zhou G. Understanding Chinese international students at a Canadian university: Perspectives, expectations, and experiences. Comparative and International Education/ Éducation Comparée et Internationale. 2010;39(3): 43-58.
Mahmud Z, Amat S, Rahman S, Ishak NM. Challenges for international students in Malaysia: Culture, climate and care. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2010;7:289–293.
Jia F, Gottardo A, Chen X, Koh P, Pasquarella A. English proficiency and acculturation among Chinese immigrant youth in Canada: A reciprocal relationship. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 2016;37(8):774-782.
Alencar A, Deuze M. News for assimilation or integration? Examining the functions of news in shaping acculturation experiences of immigrants in the Netherlands and Spain. European Journal of Communication. 2017;32(2):151-166.
Masgoret AM, Ward C. Culture learning approach to acculturation. The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology. 2006;58-77.
Bochner S. Problems in culture learning. Overseas students in Australia. 1972;65-81.
Berry JW. Psychological adaptation of foreign students in Canada. In: Samuda R. & Wolfgang A. (Eds.), Intercultural Counselling and Assessment: Global perspectives. Hogrefe: Lewiston, NY, USA. 1985.
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. The National Higher Education Action Plan, Phase 2, 2011–2015; 2007.
Bernama. 12,850 Applications Received From International Students To Study In Malaysia; 2014.
Available:http://education.bernama.com/index.php?sid=news_content&id=1036542
Gebhard JG. International students’ adjustment problems and behaviors. Journal of International Students. 2012; 2(2):158-164.
Yeh CJ, Inose M. International students' reported english fluency, social support satisfaction, and social connectedness as predictors of acculturative stress. Counselling Psychology Quarterly. 2003; 16(1):15-28.
Berry JW, Sabatier C. Acculturation, discrimination, and adaptation among second generation immigrant youth in Montreal and Paris. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2010;34(3):191-207.
Vedder P. Language, ethnic identity, and the adaptation of immigrant youth in the Netherlands. Journal of Adolescent Research. 2005;20(3):396-416.
Kwon EE. Psychometrically valid relationships between acculturation and neuropsychological factors. Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects. 2013;129.
Available:http://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/129
Mahmud MM. Communication aptitude and academic success. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014;134:125-133.
Khan T, Pitts M, Williams MA. Cross-cultural differences in automotive HMI design: A comparative study between UK and Indian users' design preferences. Journal of Usability Studies. 2016;11(2):45-65.
Mahmud MM, Ching WS. Attitudes towards accented speech among radio deejays in Malaysia. Academic Research International. 2012;2(3):520.
Clément R, Noels KA, Deneault B. Interethnic contact, identity, and psychological adjustment: The mediating and moderating roles of communication. Journal of Social Issues. 2001;57(3): 559-577.
Coleman HL. Strategies for coping with cultural diversity. The Counselling Psychologist. 1995;23(4):722-740.
Gudykunst WB, Matsumoto Y, Ting-Toomey S, Nishida T, Kim K, Heyman S. The influence of cultural individualism– collectivism, self-construals and individual values on communication styles across cultures. Human Communication Research. 1996;22:510–543.
Noels KA, Clément R. Communicating across cultures: Social determinants and acculturative consequences. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du Comportement. 1996;28(3):214.
Singelis TM, Brown WJ. Culture, self and collectivist communication linking culture to individual behavior. Human Communication Research. 1995;21(3): 354-389.
Mahmud MM, Wong SF. Understanding the repercussions of intercultural communicative competence: A study on the degree of students’ cultural awareness, social and communication skills. Journal of Human Sciences. 2016;13(3):5561-5573.
Ng SH. From language acculturation to communication acculturation: Addressee orientations and communication brokering in conversations. Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 2007;26(1):75-90.
Berry JW. Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology. 1997; 46(1):5-34.
Malaklolunthu S, Selan PS. Adjustment problems among international students in Malaysian private higher education institutions. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011;15:833-837.
Alavi M, SMS Mansor. Categories of problems among international students in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011;30: 1581-1587.
Popov V, Brinkman D, Biemans HJ, Mulder M, Kuznetsov A, Noroozi O. Multicultural student group work in higher education: An explorative case study on challenges as perceived by students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2012; 36(2):302-317.
Escudeiro N. Enhancing students team work and communication skills in international settings. Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training (ITHET). 2011;44(3):250-262.
Valthaty R, Kuo YH, Schwartzberg P. CAST (Cultural Awareness Through Student Theater): A workshop to improve resident communication skills with patients from diverse backgrounds. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2019;134:58S.
Sawir E. Language difficulties of international students in Australia: The effects of prior learning experience. International Education Journal. 2005; 6(5):567-580.
Sawir E, Marginson S, Deumert A, Nyland C, Ramia G. Loneliness and international students: An Australian study. Journal of Studies in International Education. 2008; 12(2):148-180.
Wadsworth BC, Hecht ML, Jung E. The role of identity gaps, discrimination, and acculturation in international students’ educational satisfaction in American classrooms. Communication Education. 2008;57(1):64-87.
Zhou G, Zhang Z. A study of the first-year international students at a Canadian University: Challenges and experiences with social integration. Comparative and International Education/ Éducation comparée et international. 2014;43(2):7.
Zhang J, Goodson P. Predictors of international students’ psychosocial adjustment to life in the United States: A systematic review. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2011;35(2):139-162.
Glass CR, Westmont CM. Comparative effects of belongingness on the academic success and cross-cultural interactions of domestic and international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2014;38:106-119.
Green ZA. Emotionalized learning experiences: Inspiring students in Pakistan to reinvent themselves to nurture social competence. Journal of College Student Development. 2019;60(3):337-360.
Yashima T. Willingness to communicate in a second language: The Japanese EFL context. The Modern Language Journal. 2002;86(1):54-66.
Hartnett N, Römcke J, Yap C. Student performance in tertiary‐level accounting: An international student focus. Accounting & Finance. 2004;44(2):163-185.
Fenton-Smith B. Facilitating self-directed learning amongst international students of health sciences: The dual discourse of self-efficacy. Journal of Academic Language and Learning. 2012;6(1):A64-A76.
Spencer-Oatey H, Işık-Güler H, Stadler S. Intercultural communication. Routledge: Abingdon, England; 2012.
Schilling‐Estes N. Investigating stylistic variation. The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. 2002;375-401.
Berry JW, Annis RC. Acculturative stress: The role of ecology, culture and differentiation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 1974;5(4):382-406.
Wan R, Md Nordin S, Razali R. International students’ cultural experiences: Exploring socio-cultural and academic adjustment in Malaysian universities. Recent Advances in Modern Educational Technologies. 2013;31-37.
Adler NJ. A typology of management studies involving culture. Journal of International Business Studies. 1983;14(2): 29-47.
Dinges N. Intercultural competence. Handbook of Intercultural Training: Issues in Theory and Design. 1983;1:176-202.
Bochner S, Wicks P. Overseas students in Australia. UNSW Press: Sydney, Australia; 1972.
Gudykunst WB, Hammer MR, Wiseman RL. An analysis of an integrated approach to cross-cultural training. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 1977; 1(2):99-110.
Ting-Toomey S, Dorjee T. Intercultural and intergroup communication competence: Toward an integrative perspective. Communication Competence. 2015;20: 503-538.
Choo CW. Information culture and organizational effectiveness. International Journal of Information Management. 2013; 33(5):775-779.
Kim YY. Communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Multilingual Matters: Clevedon, England; 1988.
Noels KA, Pon G, Cle´ment R. Language, identity, and adjustment: The role of linguistic self confidence in the acculturation process. Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 1996; 15(3):246–264.
Croucher SM, Kramer E. Cultural fusion theory: An alternative to acculturation. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication. 2017;10(2): 97-114.
Soong H. Why volunteer? The complexities of international pre-service teachers’ intercultural adjustment experiences through community service engagement. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education. 2013;41(1):69-83.
Hendrickson B, Rosen D, Aune RK. An analysis of friendship networks, social connectedness, homesickness, and satisfaction levels of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2011;35(3):281-295.
Gist-Mackey AN, Wiley ML, Erba J. You’re doing great. Keep doing what you’re doing: Socially supportive communication during first- generation college students’ socialization. Communication Education. 2018;67(1):52-72.
MacIntyre PD, Dörnyei Z, Clément R, Noels KA. Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. The Modern Language Journal. 1998;82(4): 545-562.
Parrish P, Linder-VanBerschot J. Cultural dimensions of learning: Addressing the challenges of multicultural instruction. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning. 2010;11(2):1-19.
Minkov M. Self-enhancement and self-stability predict school achievement at the national level. Cross-Cultural Research. 2008;42(2):172-196.
Byram M. Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Multilingual Matters: Clevedon, England; 1997.
Han L, Berry JW, Zheng Y. The relationship of acculturation strategies to resilience: The moderating impact of social support among Qiang ethnicity following the 2008 Chinese earthquake. PloS one. 2016;11(10):e0164484.
Phinney JS, Horenczyk G, Liebkind K. Ethnic identity, immigration, and well-being: An interactional perspective. Journal of Social Issues. 2001;57(3):493–510.
Alfred G, Byram M. Becoming an intercultural mediator: A longitudinal study of residence abroad. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 2002;23(5): 339-352.
Berry A. Culture care of the Mexican American family. Transcultural Nursing (3rd Ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 2002; 363-373.
Leong P. Coming to America: Assessing the patterns of acculturation, friendship formation, and the academic experiences of international students at a US college. Journal of International Students. 2015; 5(4):459-474.
Liao S. Variation in the use of discourse markers by Chinese teaching assistants in the US. Journal of Pragmatics. 2009;41(7): 1313-1328.
Tan SI. Lexical borrowing in Malaysian English: Influences of Malay. Lexis. Journal in English Lexicology. 2009;3:11-62.
Martin JN, TK Nakayama. Intercultural communication and dialectics revisited. The Handbook of Critical Intercultural Communication. 2010;59-83.
Williams TR. Exploring the impact of study abroad on students’ intercultural communication skills: Adaptability and sensitivity. Journal of Studies in International Education. 2005;9(4):356-371.
Liu J, Fang FG. Perceptions, awareness and perceived effects of home culture on intercultural communication: Perspectives of university students in China. System. 2017;67:25-37.
Barker GG. Choosing the best of both worlds: The acculturation process revisited. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2015;45:56-69.
Shafaei A, Razak NA. Internationalisation of higher education: Conceptualising the antecedents and outcomes of cross-cultural adaptation. Policy Futures in Education. 2016;14(6):701-720.
Doucerain MM. L2 experience mediates the relation between mainstream acculturation orientation and self-assessed L2 competence among migrants. Applied Linguistics. 2019;40(2): 355-378.
Volet SE, Ang G. Culturally mixed groups on international campuses: An opportunity for inter-cultural learning. Higher Education Research & Development. 2012;31(1):21-37.
Berry JW, Phinney JS, Sam DL, Vedder PE. Immigrant youth in cultural transition: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation across national contexts. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers: Mahwah, NJ, USA; 2006.
Swami V. Predictors of sociocultural adjustment among sojourning Malaysian students in Britain. International Journal of Psychology. 2009;44(4):266-273.
Kristen C. Language assimilation and the education of immigrant students. In Research Handbook on the Sociology of Education. Edward Elgar Publishing; 2019.
Zhang Z, Zhou G. Understanding Chinese international students at a Canadian university: Perspectives, expectations, and experiences. Comparative and International Education/ Éducation Comparée et Internationale. 2010;39(3): 43-58.
Mahmud Z, Amat S, Rahman S, Ishak NM. Challenges for international students in Malaysia: Culture, climate and care. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2010;7:289–293.
Jia F, Gottardo A, Chen X, Koh P, Pasquarella A. English proficiency and acculturation among Chinese immigrant youth in Canada: A reciprocal relationship. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 2016;37(8):774-782.
Alencar A, Deuze M. News for assimilation or integration? Examining the functions of news in shaping acculturation experiences of immigrants in the Netherlands and Spain. European Journal of Communication. 2017;32(2):151-166.
Masgoret AM, Ward C. Culture learning approach to acculturation. The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology. 2006;58-77.
Bochner S. Problems in culture learning. Overseas students in Australia. 1972;65-81.
Berry JW. Psychological adaptation of foreign students in Canada. In: Samuda R. & Wolfgang A. (Eds.), Intercultural Counselling and Assessment: Global perspectives. Hogrefe: Lewiston, NY, USA. 1985.
-
Abstract View: 843 times
PDF Download: 436 times
