The Perspectives of Language Practitioners on the Phonology of Basilectal Philippine English as Spoken by Labour-intensive Workers
Zoe Gwenn T. Ocampo
National University Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
Mirra Andrea V. Villacorte
National University Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
Akio D.C. Yamashita
National University Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
Wasim C. Chikhani
National University Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
Johjen D. Mag-atas *
National University Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Philippine English (PhE) is a dynamic and complex linguistic continuum shaped by diverse regional, social, and linguistic contexts. Existing academic literature on PhE has largely focused on acrolectal and educated varieties, while the basilectal variety spoken by labour-intensive workers remains comparatively underexplored.
Aims: From the perspectives of language practitioners, this study aimed to identify the factors contributing to phonological variation in basilectal PhE and to examine how this linguistic variety is perceived by its speakers and by society.
Study Design: The study employed a qualitative phenomenological design to examine the phonology and social realities of basilectal PhE speakers through the emic perspectives of language practitioners, particularly English educators and linguists.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Bulacan, Philippines, from December 2025 to June 2026.
Methodology: Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and an essay-type questionnaire administered both face-to-face and online. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, and the responses were analysed using a thematic analysis framework.
Results: The findings showed that the most evident phonological variations in basilectal speech included vowel merging, consonant sound substitutions, and syllable-timed rhythm. Basilectal speakers also experienced linguistic insecurity, accent-based stigma, and discrimination. In addition, speakers’ first language (L1), exposure to English, and frequency of English use influenced their pronunciation of English words.
Conclusion: Drawing on language practitioners’ insights, the study highlights the need for inclusive pedagogical approaches that promote greater recognition, understanding, and social acceptance of basilectal PhE across educational settings, workplaces, institutions, and wider Philippine society more broadly.
Keywords: Basilectal Philippine english, labour-intensive workers, phonology, segmental variation, suprasegmental variation, first-language influence, linguistic identity, accent stigma, world Englishes